FORMATION OF CROP ROTATION PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON LONG-TERM FERTILIZATION AND LIMING ON LIGHT GRAY FOREST SURFACE-OGLED SOILS
Yu. М. Olifir, А. Y. Gabriel, candidates of Agricultural Sciences, senior researchers.
Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of the National Academy of Sciences
К. Ya. DANKIV, graduate student
NSC Institute of Soil Science and agrochemistry named after O. N. Sokolovskyi
The results of studies of the influence of long-term use of various fertilizer systems and periodic Liming on crop yields and crop rotation productivity during the VVІІІ rotation in conditions of acidic light gray forest surface-ogled soils of the Western Forest-Steppe are presented.
Keywords: crop yield, crop rotation productivity, light gray forest surface-ogled soil, mineral fertilizers, manure, lime.
Introduction. Despite significant progress in the agricultural sector of the world economy, the issue of increasing crop yields and productivity has been and remains the main task of agricultural production and is becoming more and more relevant every year [1].
It is known that crop yield, as well as crop rotation productivity in general, is an integral indicator of effective soil fertility, and its level is determined by a complex combination of a whole complex of soil, biological and weather factors, the fertilizer system of crops, the set and scheme of their alternation in crop rotation [2, 3].
According to many years of research and production experience, crop yields mainly depend on the agrochemical block of the agricultural system, the share of influence of which is 41% [4].
Crop rotation corn for silage – spring barley with sowing of meadow clover – meadow clover – winter wheat is typical and one of the most common on gray forest superficially ogleny soils of the Western forest-steppe, characterized by a low level of natural fertility and an acidic reaction of the soil solution. The level of productivity of these soils does not exceed 1.3-1.5 t/ha of grain units [5], so increasing their productivity is possible only if plant nutrition is optimized through scientifically based complex use of organic and mineral fertilizers and lime.
Materials and methods of research. the productivity of individual crops of crop rotation is formed not only under the influence of direct action of fertilizers, but also their aftereffects due to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil. Therefore, reliable and complete information on the impact of fertilizers on crop rotation productivity can only be obtained in basic long-term experiments. One of these is the current stationary experiment, laid down in 1965 at the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of the National Academy of Sciences on light gray forest surface-oglene soil with different doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers, manure and lime. Seven-field crop rotation: potatoes-spring barley – meadow clover – winter wheat – sugar beet – corn for silage-winter wheat.
Starting from the VI rotation, a partial reconstruction of this experiment was carried out, which consisted in studying the effectiveness and duration of Liming aftereffects, variants of intensive fertilizer levels (var. 11-18) – residual phosphorus and potassium with moderate nitrogen nutrition with the following alternation of crops: corn for silage – spring barley with clover sowing – meadow clover – winter wheat.
Agrochemical characteristics of the arable soil layer before laying the experiment are as follows: humus content (according to Tyurin) 1.42 %, pHKCl 4.2, hydrolytic acidity (according to Cappen) 4.5, exchange (according to Sokolov) 0.6 mg-eqv/100 g of soil, mobile aluminum content 60.0, mobile phosphorus (according to Kirsanov) and exchange potassium (according to Maslova) – respectively 36.0 and 50.0 mg/kg of soil. The experiment provides for joint and separate application of 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 n CaCo3 according to G. K., full (N65P68K68), half, one-and-a-half and double doses of NPK, 10 and 20 tons of manure per 1 ha of crop rotation area. Liming was carried out at the beginning of the fifth rotation for potatoes. Manure was applied twice – under potatoes and sugar beets, starting from the VI rotation – under corn. The sown area of the plots is 168 m2, the accounting area is 100 m2, the experiment is repeated three times.
Harvesting of grain crops of crop rotation was carried out separately according to the variants of the experiment by direct combining, corn for silage and Meadow clover for green mass were taken into account manually, followed by clearing the field with forage harvesting equipment.
Research results. The results of a long-term field experiment indicate that in the conditions of acidic light gray forest surface-oglene soils, which belong to low-income nutrients, the formation of the yield of cultivated crops and, accordingly, the productivity of crop rotation is clearly dependent on fertilizer systems, which determines the presence of nutrients in an accessible form for plants.
Studies have shown that the highest crop rotation productivity for the VIII rotation (6.15 t/ha of grain units (g.u.)) was obtained by the organic-mineral fertilizer system with the application of 10 tons of manure and mineral fertilizers per 1 ha of crop rotation area at a dose of N65P68K68 against the background of Liming aftereffects 1.0 n CaCo3, which is 3.99 t/ha g.u. is higher than the option without fertilizers. This fertilizer system, against the background of liming with half the rate of lime, increased the productivity of 1 ha of crop rotation area to 5.26 tons per year.
Under the organic fertilizer system with the introduction of 10 t/ha of crop rotation area of manure, the level of productivity was only 1.31 t/a g.u. was higher than the control without fertilizers. The use of lime itself in the experimental conditions for the 19th year of its aftereffect provided crop rotation productivity only 0.52 t/ha higher than the option without fertilizers.
Table. Average crop yield and crop rotation productivity by VІІІ rotation
|
No. of var. |
Content of variants |
Fertility, t/ha |
Crop rotation productivity |
||||
|
corn (s/m) |
spring barley |
meadow clover (з/м) |
winter wheat |
t |
t/ha |
||
|
з.о. |
|||||||
|
1 |
Without fertilizers (control) |
17,5 |
0,79 |
25,1 |
1,93 |
8,65 |
2,16 |
|
2 |
СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) |
21,3 |
0,93 |
31,8 |
2,44 |
10,71 |
2,68 |
|
3 |
Manure, 10 t/ha |
29,8 |
1,52 |
35,7 |
2,96 |
13,87 |
3,47 |
|
4 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) |
34,3 |
1,50 |
40,1 |
3,37 |
15,54 |
3,88 |
|
5 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + NРК |
49,1 |
2,41 |
36,6 |
3,61 |
19,09 |
4,77 |
|
6 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + NРК + СаСО3, 0,5 n (aftereffect) |
55,6 |
2,55 |
40,3 |
3,88 |
21,03 |
5,26 |
|
7 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + NРК + СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) |
65,0 |
2,90 |
47,5 |
4,59 |
24,59 |
6,15 |
|
8* |
Manure, 10 t/ha + NРК + СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) |
63,1 |
2,98 |
47,5 |
4,37 |
24,12 |
6,03 |
|
9 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + 0,5 n NРК + СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) |
53,4 |
2,46 |
45,0 |
4,12 |
21,32 |
5,33 |
|
11 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + N30 (RК aftereffect) |
41,0 |
1,99 |
35,1 |
4,09 |
17,64 |
4,41 |
|
12 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + N30 (RК aftereffect) + СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) |
54,9 |
2,50 |
43,2 |
4,07 |
21,40 |
5,35 |
|
13 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + N30 (RК aftereffect) + СаСО3, 1,5 n (aftereffect) |
57,8 |
2,64 |
44,3 |
4,06 |
22,13 |
5,53 |
|
14 |
Manure, 10 t/ha + N65 (RК aftereffect) + СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) |
58,9 |
2,49 |
42,7 |
4,08 |
22,03 |
5,51 |
|
15 |
N65 (RК aftereffect) |
18,3 |
0,75 |
21,0 |
1,35 |
7,66 |
1,92 |
|
16 |
СаСО3, 1,0 n (aftereffect) + N65 (RК aftereffect) |
39,8 |
1,65 |
34,7 |
3,55 |
16,35 |
4,09 |
|
17 |
СаСО3, 1,5 n (aftereffect) + N65 (RК aftereffect) |
48,4 |
2,26 |
41,6 |
3,73 |
19,43 |
4,86 |
|
18 |
СаСО3, 1,5 н (aftereffect) + N30 (RК aftereffect) |
47,3 |
2,14 |
42,1 |
3,76 |
19,19 |
4,80 |
|
НІР05 |
2,75 |
0,19 |
1,46 |
0,22 |
|
|
|
The level of natural fertility of light gray forest surface-ogled soil provided crop rotation productivity at the level of 2.16 t/ha g.u. with prolonged application of a double dose of mineral fertilizers, the productivity of 1 ha of crop rotation area was the lowest and amounted to 1.92 T g.u., which is 0.24 t/ha g.u.. мless than the control option. Studies have established that the content of mobile aluminum compounds under these conditions was the highest and amounted to 102 mg/kg of soil, and the indicator of рНКСl – 4,2.
The use of mineral fertilizers themselves is effective only if Liming occurs. Thus, in the variant of the aftereffect of phosphorus-potash fertilizer and the introduction of N65 against the background of the aftereffect of 1.5 n Caco3, the productivity of 1 ha of crop rotation area increased and amounted to 4.86 T g.u. according to the organic-mineral fertilizer system and liming, the aftereffect of phosphorus-potash fertilizers provided crop rotation productivity at the level of 5.35 t/ha g.u.
The crop rotation factor in the conditions of light gray forest surface-ogled soil, playing an important role in the cycle of nutrients, significantly affects crop yields and crop rotation productivity in general. Thus, the replacement of a seven-field crop rotation after the completion of the V rotation with a four-field one, which consisted in excluding intensive agricultural crops from processing, in particular sugar beet and potatoes, allows you to get higher crop rotation productivity. Obviously, plowing the II slope of meadow clover as a green fertilizer, together with significant residues of grain stubble (winter wheat, spring barley), has an undeniably important impact on the intensity of humification and mineralization processes in the soil, and therefore providing agricultural crops with nutrients.
That is why under control (without fertilizers), rational alternation of crops with the inclusion of a field of meadow clover and a short rotation period in the conditions of four-field crop rotation increased the level of productivity of light gray forest surface-ogled soil from 1.49 t/ha g.u. for the fifth rotation to 2,16 T/ha g.u. for the eighth (pic.).
<p style="text-align: justify;"The highest productivity of crop rotation during the studied rotations is provided by the Organic-mineral fertilizer system against the background of periodic liming. Thus, the replacement of a seven–field crop rotation with a four-field one led to an increase in the productivity of a hectare of crop rotation area from 4.99 for the fifth rotation to 6.15-6.78 t/ha of crop rotation for VI-VIII.It should be noted that the decrease in crop rotation productivity in the VII rotation is due to low yields of meadow clover for two years due to sufficiently high yields of spring barley, which formed thinned herbage of sown clover.
Pic. Change in crop rotation productivity by rotation, t/ha g.u.
Conclusions. The results of the conducted research indicate that periodic liming is a prerequisite for effective, rational and environmentally safe land use on acidic light gray forest surface-ogled soils of the Western Forest-steppe. Systematic joint application of the Organic-mineral fertilizer system with the introduction of N65Р68К68, 10 тt/ha of crop rotation area of manure on the background of liming 1.0 n CaCO3 in a typical four–field crop rotation provides high crop rotation productivity at the level of 6.15-6.78 t/ha g.u.
Long-term use of the mineral fertilizer system on light gray forest surface soils, accompanied by high acidity and a significant amount of mobile aluminum compounds, contributes to low crop yields and, accordingly, crop rotation productivity is lower than the option without fertilizers.
Literature
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THE FORMATION OF CROP ROTATION PRODUCTIVITY
DEPENDING ON LONG-TERM FERTILIZER AND LIMING
ON A LIGHT-GRAY FOREST SURFACE gley SOILS
OLIFIR Yu. M., GABRIEL A. Y.
Institute of agriculture in the Сarpathian region NAAN
Dankiv K. Y.
NSC “Institute of soil science and agrochemistry. O.N. Sokolovsky”
Presents research results of the influence of long-term application of different systems of fertilizers and periodic liming on crop yields and the productivity of crop rotation in VIII rotation in the acidic conditions of light-grey forest surface gley soils of Forest-steppe of West.
Key words: crop yield, productivity of crop rotation, light grey forest surface gley soil, mineral fertilizers, manure, lime.
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ СЕВООБОРОТА
В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОГО УДОБРЕНИЯ И ИЗВЕСТКОВАНИЯ НА СВЕТЛО-СЕРОЙ ЛЕСНОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТНО ОГЛЕЕННОЙ ПОЧВЫ
ОЛИФИР Ю. Н., ГАБРИЕЛЬ А. И.
Институт сельского хозяйства Карпатского региона НААН
ДанькИВ К. Я.
ННЦ «Институт почвоведения и агрохимии им. О.Н. Соколовского»
Представлены результаты исследований влияния длительного применения различных систем удобрений и периодического известкования на урожайность культур и продуктивность севооборота за VIII ротацию в условиях кислых светло-серых лесных поверхностно оглеенных почв Лесостепи западной.
Ключевые слова: урожайность культур, продуктивность севооборота, светло-серая лесная поверхностно оглеенная почва, минеральные удобрения, навоз, известь.